More specifically, GLP-1R expression has been identified in several hypothalamic and basal forebrain regions, including the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, infundibular nucleus/arcuate nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, and nuclei of the basal forebrain, where they exhibit relatively well-defined regional expression patterns ( 3.4 Brainstem integration of gustatory and interoceptive signals 3.4.1 Anatomy of gustatory afferent pathways and signal convergence Following transduction by taste receptor cells, peripheral gustatory information is conveyed to the brainstem via afferent fibres associated with the facial nerve (VII, chorda tympani), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), and vagus nerve (X) ( 3.4.2 NTS as an integrative node for taste and interoceptive state In addition to integrating gustatory information, the NTS receives chemical signals from the oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract, thereby serving as a hub for the early coupling of oral cues, visceral feedback, and feeding output (49)
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